Comparative Study of Cloud-Based and On-Premise Learning Management Systems in Federal University Lokoja, Kogi State
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Background of the Study
In recent years, the rapid digital transformation in education has led institutions to re‐examine their approaches to managing learning processes. At Federal University Lokoja, Kogi State, Learning Management Systems (LMS) are essential tools used to deliver course content, track student progress, and facilitate communication. Two dominant models have emerged: cloud‐based LMS and on‐premise LMS. Cloud‐based systems offer benefits such as scalability, lower upfront costs, automatic updates, and remote accessibility, making them attractive in dynamic academic environments (Okonkwo, 2023). Conversely, on‐premise systems allow institutions greater control over data security, customization, and integration with existing internal systems, which is critical for organizations with strict regulatory or privacy requirements (Adebayo, 2024). Recent studies indicate that while cloud‐based solutions promote flexibility and cost efficiency, on‐premise solutions often provide higher levels of data integrity and system customization (Balogun, 2025). In an era where data breaches and cyber threats are increasingly common, the debate between security and scalability has intensified. Federal University Lokoja’s decision-making regarding its LMS infrastructure is therefore complex, as the institution must weigh operational benefits against potential risks. Moreover, user experience, system downtime, integration with legacy systems, and training requirements are significant factors that influence this choice. Educators and administrators have reported that cloud‐based systems facilitate real-time collaboration and seamless updates, yet express concerns regarding data sovereignty and vendor dependency. On‐premise solutions, while robust, require substantial capital investment and continuous maintenance by specialized IT personnel. This study aims to compare these two models in terms of operational efficiency, cost implications, security, and user satisfaction, thereby providing evidence-based recommendations that align with the university’s strategic goals (Okonkwo, 2023; Adebayo, 2024; Balogun, 2025).
Statement of the Problem
Federal University Lokoja currently faces challenges in selecting an optimal LMS model due to contrasting benefits and limitations inherent in cloud-based versus on-premise systems. The traditional on-premise LMS, although secure and customizable, demands high capital expenditure and continuous maintenance, often leading to operational inefficiencies. In contrast, while cloud-based systems reduce upfront costs and offer scalability, they raise concerns regarding data privacy, dependency on external vendors, and occasional service disruptions due to internet connectivity issues (Adebayo, 2024). This dichotomy has resulted in uncertainty among academic staff and decision-makers regarding which system best supports the institution’s long-term educational objectives. Furthermore, inadequate integration with existing systems and resistance to change among some staff exacerbate the problem. The absence of comprehensive, comparative data on performance metrics and cost-benefit analyses further hinders a decisive move toward one model. Without an evidence-based framework, the university risks either overspending on infrastructure or compromising on data security and control, ultimately affecting teaching, learning, and administrative efficiency (Balogun, 2025). The study seeks to bridge this gap by thoroughly evaluating both systems under similar operational conditions and providing actionable recommendations to support strategic IT planning.
Objectives of the Study:
• To compare the operational efficiency and cost-effectiveness of cloud-based and on-premise LMS.
• To assess the security, integration, and user satisfaction aspects of both systems.
• To propose an integrated framework for LMS selection that leverages the strengths of each model.
Research Questions:
• How do cloud-based and on-premise LMS compare regarding performance and cost efficiency?
• What are the key security and integration challenges of each system?
• What framework can best guide the selection and integration of LMS at Federal University Lokoja?
Significance of the Study
This study is significant as it provides a comprehensive comparison between cloud-based and on-premise LMS models, offering crucial insights into their operational, financial, and security implications. The findings will guide university policymakers and IT administrators in making informed decisions that enhance educational delivery, optimize resource allocation, and improve user satisfaction, ultimately contributing to a more resilient and efficient digital learning environment (Okonkwo, 2023).
Scope and Limitations of the Study:
The study is limited to the evaluation of cloud-based and on-premise LMS at Federal University Lokoja, Kogi State, and does not extend to other educational management systems or institutions.
Definitions of Terms:
• Cloud-Based LMS: A system that hosts learning management services on remote servers accessible via the internet (Okonkwo, 2023).
• On-Premise LMS: An LMS installed and maintained on an institution’s own servers (Adebayo, 2024).
• Learning Management System (LMS): Software used to deliver, track, and manage educational content and student interactions (Balogun, 2025).
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